PostgreSQL提供了Row Level Security（RLS）来控制哪些行可以访问或修改。
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一、简介
其标准的语法是：
[pg12@localhost ~]$ psql -d testdb
Timing is on.
Expanded display is used automatically.
psql (12.0)
Type "help" for help.
[local]:5432 pg12@testdb=# \help create policy
Command: CREATE POLICY
Description: define a new row level security policy for a table
Syntax:
CREATE POLICY name ON table_name
[ AS { PERMISSIVE | RESTRICTIVE } ]
[ FOR { ALL | SELECT | INSERT | UPDATE | DELETE } ]
[ TO { role_name | PUBLIC | CURRENT_USER | SESSION_USER } [, ...] ]
[ USING ( using_expression ) ]
[ WITH CHECK ( check_expression ) ]
URL: https://www.postgresql.org/docs/12/sql-createpolicy.html
[local]:5432 pg12@testdb=#
其中，USING表示满足using_expression表达式为T的行才能看到或操作，否则这些行将被隐藏（hidden）；
WITH CHECK表示在执行INSERT/UPDATE操作时，如新数据不能通过check_expression表达式的校验则被视为非法数据。
二、注意事项
1.RLS必须通过ALTER TABLE … ENABLE ROW LEVEL SECURITY显式启用；
2.如启用RLS，那么至少存在一个policy
创建数据表，插入数据，启用RLS
[local]:5432 pg12@testdb=# drop table if exists t_rls1;
NOTICE: table "t_rls1" does not exist, skipping
DROP TABLE
Time: 37.363 ms
[local]:5432 pg12@testdb=# create table t_rls1(id int,c1 int);
CREATE TABLE
Time: 137.931 ms
[local]:5432 pg12@testdb=#
[local]:5432 pg12@testdb=# insert into t_rls1 values(1,1);
INSERT 0 1
Time: 1.820 ms
[local]:5432 pg12@testdb=# insert into t_rls1 values(2,2);
INSERT 0 1
Time: 0.582 ms
[local]:5432 pg12@testdb=#
[local]:5432 pg12@testdb=# ALTER TABLE t_rls1 ENABLE ROW LEVEL SECURITY;
ALTER TABLE
Time: 1.714 ms
[local]:5432 pg12@testdb=# select * from t_rls1;
id | c1
----+----
1 | 1
2 | 2
(2 rows)
创建新的user，查询数据表，因为不存在policy，因此没有数据返回（但为什么pg12这个用户可以？后续有解释）
Time: 23.349 ms
[local]:5432 pg12@testdb=# create user testuser with passwod 'test';
ERROR: unrecognized role option "passwod"
LINE 1: create user testuser with passwod 'test';
^
Time: 1.165 ms
[local]:5432 pg12@testdb=# create user testuser with password 'test';
CREATE ROLE
Time: 15.721 ms
[local]:5432 pg12@testdb=# grant all on t_rls1 to testuser;
GRANT
Time: 8.125 ms
[local]:5432 pg12@testdb=#
3.同一个命令，同一种类型，多个policys之间是OR的关系，即某行满足其中一个policy就可以返回（如select命令）；同一个命令不同的命令类型，则多个policys之间的关系是AND，必须所有policys都满足才能返回（如update中存在where子句时）。
4.只有表的owner可以创建policys
5.超级用户或者具有BYPASSRLS权限的用户会跳过RLS检查。这解释先前为什么policy没有，但pg12查询有数据返回但testuser用户没有。
[local]:5432 pg12@testdb=# \du
List of roles
Role name | Attributes | Member of
-----------+------------------------------------------------------------+-----------
pg12 | Superuser, Create role, Create DB, Replication, Bypass RLS | {}
testuser |
6.数据表的owner用户默认会跳过RLS检查
[local]:5432 testuser@testdb=> create table t_rls2(id int,c1 int);
CREATE TABLE
Time: 10.256 ms
[local]:5432 testuser@testdb=>
[local]:5432 testuser@testdb=> insert into t_rls2 values(1,1);
INSERT 0 1
Time: 3.422 ms
[local]:5432 testuser@testdb=> insert into t_rls2 values(2,2);
INSERT 0 1
Time: 2.580 ms
[local]:5432 testuser@testdb=>
[local]:5432 testuser@testdb=> ALTER TABLE t_rls2 ENABLE ROW LEVEL SECURITY;
ALTER TABLE
Time: 2.124 ms
[local]:5432 testuser@testdb=> select * from t_rls2;
id | c1
----+----
1 | 1
2 | 2
(2 rows)
Time: 1.127 ms
[local]:5432 testuser@testdb=> \d t_rls2
Table "public.t_rls2"
Column | Type | Collation | Nullable | Default
--------+---------+-----------+----------+---------
id | integer | | |
c1 | integer | | |
Policies (row security enabled): (none)
testuser1&testuser2均为普通用户，但testuser1查询数据有返回，但testuser2没有
[pg12@localhost ~]$ psql -d testdb -U testuser2
Timing is on.
Expanded display is used automatically.
psql (12.0)
Type "help" for help.
[local]:5432 testuser2@testdb=> select * from t_rls2;
id | c1
----+----
(0 rows)
Time: 3.808 ms
[local]:5432 testuser2@testdb=>
可通过ALTER TABLE … FORCE ROW LEVEL SECURITY命令强制启用
[local]:5432 testuser@testdb=> ALTER TABLE t_rls2 FORCE ROW LEVEL SECURITY;
ALTER TABLE
Time: 1.967 ms
[local]:5432 testuser@testdb=> select * from t_rls2;
id | c1
----+----
(0 rows)
Time: 2.369 ms
具体的应用案例可详见参考资料中的链接。
三、参考资料
PG Conf of US 2019 - Row Level Security
Using “Row Level Security” to make large companies more secure
