WITH (UPDLOCK,HOLDLOCK)提示与不同表类型
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我们先来了解下UPDLOCK和HOLDLOCK的概念。
UPDLOCK
指定采用更新锁并保持到事务完成。 UPDLOCK 仅对行级别或页级别的读操作采用更新锁。 如果将 UPDLOCK 与 TABLOCK 组合使用或出于一些其他原因采用表级锁,将采用排他 (X) 锁。
HOLDLOCK
等价于SERIALIZABLE。保持共享锁直到事务完成,使共享锁更具有限制性;而不是无论事务是否完成,都在不再需要所需表或数据页时立即释放共享锁。并且至少整个查询覆盖的范围会被锁定,以阻止导致幻象读的插入。
一个U锁是与其他的S锁兼容的,但是与其他的U锁不兼容。(查看锁兼容性)。因此,如果锁在行级别或者页级别采用,这将不会阻塞其他读操作,除非他们也使用UPDLOCK提示。
首先,创建一个堆表,插入一些测试数据:
CREATE FUNCTION dbo.RANDBETWEEN(@minval TINYINT, @maxval TINYINT, @random NUMERIC(18,10)) RETURNS TINYINT AS BEGIN RETURN (SELECT CAST(((@maxval + 1) - @minval) * @random + @minval AS TINYINT)) END GO -- Create Person Table CREATE TABLE Person(ID int NOT NULL IDENTITY,FirstName varchar(32) NULL,LastName varchar(32) NULL,CityId int NULL); GO -- Insert 1 million records into the Person table INSERT INTO Person (FirstName,LastName,CityId) SELECT TOP 1000000 CASE WHEN dbo.RANDBETWEEN(0,9,RAND(CHECKSUM(NEWID()))) = 0 THEN 'John' WHEN dbo.RANDBETWEEN(0,9,RAND(CHECKSUM(NEWID()))) = 1 THEN 'Jack' WHEN dbo.RANDBETWEEN(0,9,RAND(CHECKSUM(NEWID()))) = 2 THEN 'Bill' WHEN dbo.RANDBETWEEN(0,9,RAND(CHECKSUM(NEWID()))) = 3 THEN 'Mary' WHEN dbo.RANDBETWEEN(0,9,RAND(CHECKSUM(NEWID()))) = 4 THEN 'Kate' WHEN dbo.RANDBETWEEN(0,9,RAND(CHECKSUM(NEWID()))) = 5 THEN 'Matt' WHEN dbo.RANDBETWEEN(0,9,RAND(CHECKSUM(NEWID()))) = 6 THEN 'Rachel' WHEN dbo.RANDBETWEEN(0,9,RAND(CHECKSUM(NEWID()))) = 7 THEN 'Tom' WHEN dbo.RANDBETWEEN(0,9,RAND(CHECKSUM(NEWID()))) = 8 THEN 'Ann' WHEN dbo.RANDBETWEEN(0,9,RAND(CHECKSUM(NEWID()))) = 9 THEN 'Andrew' ELSE 'Bob' END AS FirstName, CASE WHEN dbo.RANDBETWEEN(0,9,RAND(CHECKSUM(NEWID()))) = 0 THEN 'Smith' WHEN dbo.RANDBETWEEN(0,9,RAND(CHECKSUM(NEWID()))) = 1 THEN 'Morgan' WHEN dbo.RANDBETWEEN(0,9,RAND(CHECKSUM(NEWID()))) = 2 THEN 'Simpson' WHEN dbo.RANDBETWEEN(0,9,RAND(CHECKSUM(NEWID()))) = 3 THEN 'Walker' WHEN dbo.RANDBETWEEN(0,9,RAND(CHECKSUM(NEWID()))) = 4 THEN 'Bauer' WHEN dbo.RANDBETWEEN(0,9,RAND(CHECKSUM(NEWID()))) = 5 THEN 'Taylor' WHEN dbo.RANDBETWEEN(0,9,RAND(CHECKSUM(NEWID()))) = 6 THEN 'Morris' WHEN dbo.RANDBETWEEN(0,9,RAND(CHECKSUM(NEWID()))) = 7 THEN 'Elliot' WHEN dbo.RANDBETWEEN(0,9,RAND(CHECKSUM(NEWID()))) = 8 THEN 'White' WHEN dbo.RANDBETWEEN(0,9,RAND(CHECKSUM(NEWID()))) = 9 THEN 'Davis' ELSE 'Brown' END AS LastName, dbo.RANDBETWEEN(1,15,RAND(CHECKSUM(NEWID()))) as CityId FROM sys.all_objects a CROSS JOIN sys.all_objects b GO SELECT * FROM Person;
堆表
BEGIN TRANSACTION SELECT * FROM dbo.Person WITH (UPDLOCK, HOLDLOCK) WHERE ID = 1; SELECT [request_session_id], c.[program_name], DB_NAME(c.[dbid]) AS dbname, [resource_type], [request_status], [request_mode], [resource_description], OBJECT_NAME(p.[object_id]) AS objectname, p.[index_id] FROM sys.[dm_tran_locks] AS a LEFT JOIN sys.[partitions] AS p ON a.[resource_associated_entity_id]=p.[hobt_id] LEFT JOIN sys.[sysprocesses] AS c ON a.[request_session_id]=c.[spid] WHERE c.[dbid]=DB_ID(DB_NAME()) AND a.[request_session_id]=@@SPID ORDER BY [request_session_id],[resource_type]; COMMIT TRANSACTION
非聚集索引表
在堆表的ID列创建非聚集索引:
CREATE NONCLUSTERED INDEX IX_Person_ID ON dbo.Person (ID);
场景1:
使用WITH (HOLDLOCK)而没有WHERE从句,来观察锁升级。
BEGIN TRANSACTION SELECT * FROM dbo.Person WITH (HOLDLOCK); SELECT [request_session_id], c.[program_name], DB_NAME(c.[dbid]) AS dbname, [resource_type], [request_status], [request_mode], [resource_description], OBJECT_NAME(p.[object_id]) AS objectname, p.[index_id] FROM sys.[dm_tran_locks] AS a LEFT JOIN sys.[partitions] AS p ON a.[resource_associated_entity_id]=p.[hobt_id] LEFT JOIN sys.[sysprocesses] AS c ON a.[request_session_id]=c.[spid] WHERE c.[dbid]=DB_ID(DB_NAME()) AND a.[request_session_id]=@@SPID ORDER BY [request_session_id],[resource_type]; COMMIT TRANSACTION
场景2:
使用WITH(HOLDLOCK)和WHERE从句,从ID列索引查找。
BEGIN TRANSACTION SELECT * FROM dbo.Person WITH (HOLDLOCK) WHERE ID = 1; SELECT [request_session_id], c.[program_name], DB_NAME(c.[dbid]) AS dbname, [resource_type], [request_status], [request_mode], [resource_description], OBJECT_NAME(p.[object_id]) AS objectname, p.[index_id] FROM sys.[dm_tran_locks] AS a LEFT JOIN sys.[partitions] AS p ON a.[resource_associated_entity_id]=p.[hobt_id] LEFT JOIN sys.[sysprocesses] AS c ON a.[request_session_id]=c.[spid] WHERE c.[dbid]=DB_ID(DB_NAME()) AND a.[request_session_id]=@@SPID ORDER BY [request_session_id],[resource_type]; COMMIT TRANSACTION
场景3:
使用WITH (UPDLOCK, HOLDLOCK)和WHERE从句,从ID列索引查找。
BEGIN TRANSACTION SELECT * FROM dbo.Person WITH (INDEX (0), UPDLOCK, HOLDLOCK) WHERE ID = 1; SELECT [request_session_id], c.[program_name], DB_NAME(c.[dbid]) AS dbname, [resource_type], [request_status], [request_mode], [resource_description], OBJECT_NAME(p.[object_id]) AS objectname, p.[index_id] --,p.* FROM sys.[dm_tran_locks] AS a LEFT JOIN sys.[partitions] AS p ON a.[resource_associated_entity_id]=p.[hobt_id] LEFT JOIN sys.[sysprocesses] AS c ON a.[request_session_id]=c.[spid] WHERE c.[dbid]=DB_ID(DB_NAME()) AND a.[request_session_id]=@@SPID ORDER BY [request_session_id],[resource_type]; COMMIT TRANSACTION
场景4:
使用WITH (INDEX (0), UPDLOCK, HOLDLOCK),强制表扫描。
BEGIN TRANSACTION SELECT * FROM dbo.Person WITH (INDEX (0), UPDLOCK, HOLDLOCK) WHERE ID = 1; SELECT [request_session_id], c.[program_name], DB_NAME(c.[dbid]) AS dbname, [resource_type], [request_status], [request_mode], [resource_description], OBJECT_NAME(p.[object_id]) AS objectname, p.[index_id] --,p.* FROM sys.[dm_tran_locks] AS a LEFT JOIN sys.[partitions] AS p ON a.[resource_associated_entity_id]=p.[hobt_id] LEFT JOIN sys.[sysprocesses] AS c ON a.[request_session_id]=c.[spid] WHERE c.[dbid]=DB_ID(DB_NAME()) AND a.[request_session_id]=@@SPID ORDER BY [request_session_id],[resource_type]; COMMIT TRANSACTION
聚集索引表
删除掉非聚集索引,并创建ID列的聚集索引:
DROP INDEX Person.IX_Person_ID GO ALTER TABLE dbo.Person ADD CONSTRAINT PK_Person PRIMARY KEY CLUSTERED (ID) GO
场景1:
使用WIH (HOLDLOCK)而无WHERE条件。
BEGIN TRANSACTION SELECT * FROM dbo.Person WITH (HOLDLOCK); SELECT [request_session_id], c.[program_name], DB_NAME(c.[dbid]) AS dbname, [resource_type], [request_status], [request_mode], [resource_description], OBJECT_NAME(p.[object_id]) AS objectname, p.[index_id] --,p.* FROM sys.[dm_tran_locks] AS a LEFT JOIN sys.[partitions] AS p ON a.[resource_associated_entity_id]=p.[hobt_id] LEFT JOIN sys.[sysprocesses] AS c ON a.[request_session_id]=c.[spid] WHERE c.[dbid]=DB_ID(DB_NAME()) AND a.[request_session_id]=@@SPID ORDER BY [request_session_id],[resource_type]; COMMIT TRANSACTION
场景2:
使用WITH (UPDLOCK, HOLDLOCK)而无WHERE条件。
BEGIN TRANSACTION SELECT * FROM dbo.Person WITH (UPDLOCK, HOLDLOCK); SELECT [request_session_id], c.[program_name], DB_NAME(c.[dbid]) AS dbname, [resource_type], [request_status], [request_mode], [resource_description], OBJECT_NAME(p.[object_id]) AS objectname, p.[index_id] --,p.* FROM sys.[dm_tran_locks] AS a LEFT JOIN sys.[partitions] AS p ON a.[resource_associated_entity_id]=p.[hobt_id] LEFT JOIN sys.[sysprocesses] AS c ON a.[request_session_id]=c.[spid] WHERE c.[dbid]=DB_ID(DB_NAME()) AND a.[request_session_id]=@@SPID ORDER BY [request_session_id],[resource_type]; COMMIT TRANSACTION
场景3:
使用WITH (UPDLOCK, HOLDLOCK)和WHERE条件,走ID列聚集索引查找。
BEGIN TRANSACTION SELECT * FROM dbo.Person WITH (UPDLOCK, HOLDLOCK) WHERE ID = 1; SELECT [request_session_id], c.[program_name], DB_NAME(c.[dbid]) AS dbname, [resource_type], [request_status], [request_mode], [resource_description], OBJECT_NAME(p.[object_id]) AS objectname, p.[index_id] --,p.* FROM sys.[dm_tran_locks] AS a LEFT JOIN sys.[partitions] AS p ON a.[resource_associated_entity_id]=p.[hobt_id] LEFT JOIN sys.[sysprocesses] AS c ON a.[request_session_id]=c.[spid] WHERE c.[dbid]=DB_ID(DB_NAME()) AND a.[request_session_id]=@@SPID ORDER BY [request_session_id],[resource_type]; COMMIT TRANSACTION
接着,在CityId列建立非聚集索引:
CREATE INDEX IX_Person_CityId ON Person(CityId);
查看CityId的数据分布情况:
SELECT CityId,COUNT(*) AS CNT FROM dbo.Person GROUP BY CityId ORDER BY 2 DESC
场景4:
查询CityId为1
BEGIN TRANSACTION SELECT * FROM dbo.Person WITH (UPDLOCK, HOLDLOCK) WHERE CityId=1; SELECT [request_session_id], c.[program_name], DB_NAME(c.[dbid]) AS dbname, [resource_type], [request_status], [request_mode], [resource_description], OBJECT_NAME(p.[object_id]) AS objectname, p.[index_id] --,p.* FROM sys.[dm_tran_locks] AS a LEFT JOIN sys.[partitions] AS p ON a.[resource_associated_entity_id]=p.[hobt_id] LEFT JOIN sys.[sysprocesses] AS c ON a.[request_session_id]=c.[spid] WHERE c.[dbid]=DB_ID(DB_NAME()) AND a.[request_session_id]=@@SPID ORDER BY [request_session_id],[resource_type]; COMMIT TRANSACTION
插入一个可选择性更强的CityId值:
INSERT Person(FirstName,LastName,CityId) SELECT 'ryan','xu',99 UNION ALL SELECT 'koko','xu',99 UNION ALL SELECT 'jerry','xu',100 GO
场景5:
查询CityId为99
BEGIN TRANSACTION SELECT * FROM dbo.Person WITH (UPDLOCK, HOLDLOCK) WHERE CityId=99; SELECT [request_session_id], c.[program_name], DB_NAME(c.[dbid]) AS dbname, [resource_type], [request_status], [request_mode], [resource_description], OBJECT_NAME(p.[object_id]) AS objectname, p.[index_id] --,p.* FROM sys.[dm_tran_locks] AS a LEFT JOIN sys.[partitions] AS p ON a.[resource_associated_entity_id]=p.[hobt_id] LEFT JOIN sys.[sysprocesses] AS c ON a.[request_session_id]=c.[spid] WHERE c.[dbid]=DB_ID(DB_NAME()) AND a.[request_session_id]=@@SPID ORDER BY [request_session_id],[resource_type]; COMMIT TRANSACTION
接着,删除CityId列索引,创建该列包含索引。
DROP INDEX Person.IX_Person_CityId; GO CREATE INDEX IX_Person_CityId ON Person(CityId) INCLUDE(FirstName); GO
场景6:
同样查询CityID为99,单输出列在包含索引中,完全走非聚集索引的查找。(主键列默认包含在非聚集索引中)
BEGIN TRANSACTION SELECT ID,FirstName FROM dbo.Person WITH (UPDLOCK, HOLDLOCK) WHERE CityId=99; SELECT [request_session_id], c.[program_name], DB_NAME(c.[dbid]) AS dbname, [resource_type], [request_status], [request_mode], [resource_description], OBJECT_NAME(p.[object_id]) AS objectname, p.[index_id] --,p.* FROM sys.[dm_tran_locks] AS a LEFT JOIN sys.[partitions] AS p ON a.[resource_associated_entity_id]=p.[hobt_id] LEFT JOIN sys.[sysprocesses] AS c ON a.[request_session_id]=c.[spid] WHERE c.[dbid]=DB_ID(DB_NAME()) AND a.[request_session_id]=@@SPID ORDER BY [request_session_id],[resource_type]; COMMIT TRANSACTION
总结
对于查询:
SELECT * FROM tblTest WITH (UPDLOCK, HOLDLOCK)
如果查询计划显示了一个堆表上的扫描,那么你总是获得一个对象上的X锁。如果是一个索引扫描,它依赖于使用的锁粒度。(单个 Transact-SQL 语句在单个无分区表或索引上获得至少 5,000 个锁,将触发锁升级)
对于非聚集索引表,HOLDLOCK在(ffffffffffff)上采用了RangeS-S锁,UPDLOCK, HOLDLOCK采用了 RangeS-U锁。两个查询都通过ID列执行了索引查找。当我使用WITH (INDEX (0), UPDLOCK, HOLDLOCK)强制执行计划执行表扫描时,看到对象上采用X锁。如果索引可以用于在执行计划中识别范围查询,将使用键范围锁。
对于聚集索引表,当WHERE条件走聚集索引查找,UPDLOCK, HOLDLOCK采用了KEY上的U锁。只有纯粹只走非聚集索引查找时,才用了KEY上的Ranges-U锁。
因为你使用了HOLDLOCK,它阻止了幻象读。如果你的查询读取了整个表,那么阻止了范围的幻象读,意思是它不允许任何行被插入。为了获得一个键范围锁你的查询需要合适的索引和WHERE从句。
参考
表提示
https://msdn.microsoft.com/zh-cn/library/ms187373.aspx
锁升级
https://msdn.microsoft.com/zh-cn/library/ms184286(v=sql.105).aspx
How to resolve blocking problems that are caused by lock escalation in SQL Server
https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/kb/323630
键范围锁定
https://technet.microsoft.com/zh-cn/library/ms191272(en-us,SQL.110).aspx
SQL Server的事务和锁(二)-Range S-S锁
http://www.cnblogs.com/lxconan/archive/2011/10/21/sql_transaction_n_locks_2.html