MySQL数据库备份常用工具之MySQLDataDumper简析

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说到MySQL数据库的备份, MySQL Data Dumper(项目)也是常用的工具,其有两个可执行程序: mydumper,负责导出数据; myloader, 负责导入数据. mydumper相对于mysqldump,多了些特性,在下面分析选项的过程中能体会到.

由于是第三方工具,先来看下安装,及可能遇到的问题.

a. mydumper需要依赖一些开发库,使用yum安装即可.

root@db01: ~# yum install glib* zlib* pcre* -y

b.添加连接MySQL需要的动态链接库.

root@db01: ~# cat /etc/ld.so.conf.d/mysql.conf

/opt/mysql/lib

root@db01: ~#ldconfig

root@db01: ~#ldconfig --print-cache | grep 'mysql'

         libmysqlclient.so.18 (libc6,x86-64)=> /opt/mysql/lib/libmysqlclient.so.18

root@db01: ~# ls -l /opt/mysql/lib/libmysqlclient.so.18

lrwxrwxrwx 1 rootroot 26 Aug 25 14:21 /opt/mysql/lib/libmysqlclient.so.18 ->libmysqlclient_r.so.18.1.0

c.编译安装.

root@db01: ~# cmake -DCMAKE_INSTALL_PREFIX=/usr/local/mydumper

root@db01: ~# make install

添加可执行命令的路径到环境变量PATH中.

mysql@db01: ~$grep 'PATH' .bash_profile

PATH=/usr/local/mydumper/bin:/opt/mysql/bin/:$PATH:$HOME/bin

export PATH

d.在命令行敲入mydumper回车,看下面的返回信息,安装是正常的.

mysql@db01: ~$mydumper

**(mydumper:723): CRITICAL **: Error connecting to database: Access denied foruser 'root'@'localhost' (using password:NO)

mysql@db01: ~$myloader

**(myloader:5288): CRITICAL **: a directory needs to be specified, see --help

若出现如下报错,可能是步骤b有问题.

mysql@db01: ~$mydumper

mydumper: errorwhile loading shared libraries: libmysqlclient.so.18: cannot open shared objectfile: No such file or directory

下面是演示用到的数据库数据表的信息:

(root@localhost)[(none)]> SELECT table_schema, table_name, engine FROM information_schema.tables WHERE (engine = 'InnoDB' OR engine = 'MyISAM') AND table_schema NOT IN('mysql', 'performance_schema' ,'information_schema');

+--------------+------------+--------+

| table_schema |table_name | engine |

+--------------+------------+--------+

| product      | pr1        | MyISAM |

| product      | pr2        | MyISAM |

| product      | pr3        | InnoDB |

| stage        | st1        | InnoDB |

| stage        | st2        | InnoDB |

| test         | tb1        | InnoDB |

| test         | tb2        |InnoDB |

+--------------+------------+--------+

7 rows in set(0.01 sec)

mydumper的选项也不少,按照分析mysqldump一样,将其分成若干组,看看重点选项的含义.

Connection Options组

该组选项指明了如何连接数据库.

-h, --host      The host to connect to

-u, --user      Username with privileges to run the dump

-p,--password  User password

-P, --port       TCP/IPport to connect to

-S, --socket     domainsocket file to use for connection

Debug Options组

改组指明了日志放在哪里,以及日志的级别.

-L,--logfile   Log file name to use, by defaultstdout is used

-v,--verbose  Verbosity of output, 0 =silent, 1 = errors, 2 = warnings, 3 = info, default 2

Filtering Options组

改组指明了备份哪些数据库对象,以及对备份文件做什么附加处理(压缩,分割等).

-B,--database        Database to dump

-T,--tables-list        Comma delimitedtable list to dump (does not exclude regex option)

-o,--outputdir        Directory to outputfiles to

-s,--statement-size    Attempted size ofINSERT statement in bytes, default 1000000

-r, --rows            Try to split tables into chunks ofthis many rows. This option turns off --chunk-filesize

-F,--chunk-filesize      Split tables into chunks of this output filesize. This value is in MB

-c,--compress         Compress output files

-e,--build-empty-files   Build dump files even if no data availablefrom table

-x, --regex             Regular expression for 'db.table'matching

-m,--no-schemas       Do not dump tableschemas with the data

-d,--no-data           Do not dump tabledata

-G,--triggers           Dump triggers

-E, --events            Dump events

-R, --routines           Dump stored procedures and functions

Transactional Options组

该组主要涉及到备份时如何加锁,下面使用该命令行进行测试mydumper --regex '^(?!(mysql))'--threads=1 [Option],同时结合general log,看mydumper是如何工作的.

1.先看不加选项时,是什么情况.

Master线程,获取GLOBAL READ LOCK,开启一致性读事物,得到二进制日志的坐标.

1587512Query   FLUSH TABLES WITH READ LOCK

1587512Query   START TRANSACTION /*!40108 WITHCONSISTENT SNAPSHOT */

1587512Query   SHOW MASTER STATUS

Dump线程,设置事物隔离级别为REPEATABLE READ,开启一致性读事物进行非事物数据表的备份.

1587513Query   SET SESSION TRANSACTION ISOLATIONLEVEL REPEATABLE READ

1587513Query   START TRANSACTION /*!40108 WITHCONSISTENT SNAPSHOT */

1587513Query   SELECT /*!40001 SQL_NO_CACHE */ *FROM `product`.`pr1`

1587513Query   SELECT /*!40001 SQL_NO_CACHE */ *FROM `product`.`pr2`

Master线程,待Dump线程备份完非事物数据表后,释放锁.

1587512Query   UNLOCK TABLES /* FTWRL */

Dump线程,继续其它事物数据表的备份.

2. -k,--no-locks  Do not execute the temporaryshared read lock.  WARNING: This willcause inconsistent backups

使用该选项时, mydumper会有如下类似提示:

**(mydumper:4095): WARNING **: Executing in no-locks mode, snapshot will notbeconsistent

其主要作用过程如下:

Master线程,开启一致性读事物,得到二进制日志的坐标.

1586766Query   START TRANSACTION /*!40108 WITHCONSISTENT SNAPSHOT */

1586766Query   SHOW MASTER STATUS

Dump线程,设置事物隔离级别为REPEATABLE READ,开启一致性读事物进行数据表的备份.

1586767Query   SET SESSION TRANSACTION ISOLATIONLEVEL REPEATABLE READ

1586767Query   START TRANSACTION /*!40108 WITHCONSISTENT SNAPSHOT */

该过程由于未执行FLUSH TABLES WITH READ LOCK,得到的二进制日志坐标可能不准确; (多个)线程开启一致性读事物时,数据表可能会有变动,这两点会造成备份数据不一致.                                           

3.--less-locking  Minimize locking time onInnoDB tables.

Master线程,获取GLOBAL READ LOCK,开启一致性读事物,得到二进制日志的坐标.

1588054Query   FLUSH TABLES WITH READ LOCK

1588054Query   START TRANSACTION /*!40108 WITHCONSISTENT SNAPSHOT */

1588054Query   SHOW MASTER STATUS

Dump2线程,设置事物隔离级别为REPEATABLE READ,开启一致性读事物.

1588056Query   SET SESSION TRANSACTION ISOLATIONLEVEL REPEATABLE READ

1588056Query   START TRANSACTION /*!40108 WITHCONSISTENT SNAPSHOT */

Dump1线程,锁定非事物数据表.

1588055 Query   LOCK TABLES `product`.`pr1` READ LOCAL,`product`.`pr2` READ LOCAL

Master线程,释放锁.

1588054Query   UNLOCK TABLES /* FTWRL */

Dump1线程,备份非事物数据表.

1588055Query   SELECT /*!40001 SQL_NO_CACHE */ *FROM `product`.`pr1`

1588055Query   SELECT /*!40001 SQL_NO_CACHE */ *FROM `product`.`pr2`

Dump1线程,备份完成后,释放锁.

1588055Query   UNLOCK TABLES /* Non Innodb */

Dump2线程,继续其它事物数据表的备份.

4.--use-savepoints  Use savepoints toreduce metadata locking issues, needs SUPER privilege

该选项含义是,尽快释放元数据锁,其它过程和1相同.

1601611 Query         SAVEPOINT mydumper

1601611 Query         ROLLBACK TO SAVEPOINT mydumper

5.--lock-all-tables  Use LOCK TABLE forall, instead of FTWRL

Master线程,获取有那些数据库和数据库表,然后把需要备份的数据表加锁,开启一致性读事物,再后得到二进制日志的坐标.

1586979Query   SELECT TABLE_SCHEMA, TABLE_NAMEFROM information_schema.TABLES WHERE TABLE_TYPE ='BASE TABLE' AND TABLE_SCHEMANOT IN ('information_schema', 'performance_schema', 'data_dictionary') AND NOT(TABLE_SCHEMA = 'mysql' AND (TABLE_NAME = 'slow_log' OR TABLE_NAME ='general_log'))

1586979Query   LOCK TABLE `product`.`pr1` READ,`product`.`pr2` READ, `product`.`pr3` READ, `stage`.`st1` READ, `stage`.`st2`READ, `test`.`tb1` READ, `test`.`tb2` READ

1586979Query   START TRANSACTION /*!40108 WITHCONSISTENT SNAPSHOT */

1586979Query   SHOW MASTER STATUS

Dump线程,设置事物隔离级别为REPEATABLE READ,开启一致性读事物进行非事物数据表的备份.

1586980Query   SET SESSION TRANSACTION ISOLATIONLEVEL REPEATABLE READ

1586980Query   START TRANSACTION /*!40108 WITHCONSISTENT SNAPSHOT */

1586980Query   SELECT /*!40001 SQL_NO_CACHE */ *FROM `product`.`pr1`

1586980Query   SELECT /*!40001 SQL_NO_CACHE */ *FROM `product`.`pr2`

Master线程,待Dump线程备份完非事物数据表后,释放锁.

1586979Query   UNLOCK TABLES /* FTWRL */

Dump线程,继续其它事物数据表的备份.

此种加锁方式,若数据库数据表比较多时,加锁效率不高.

6.--trx-consistency-only  Transactionalconsistency only 

使用该选项时, mydumper会有如下类似提示:

**(mydumper:2573): WARNING **: Using trx_consistency_only, binlog coordinateswill not be accurate if you are writing to non transactional tables

Master线程,获取GLOBAL READ LOCK,开启一致性读事物,得到二进制日志的坐标.

1588315Query   FLUSH TABLES WITH READ LOCK

1588315Query   START TRANSACTION /*!40108 WITHCONSISTENT SNAPSHOT */

1588315Query   SHOW MASTER STATUS

Dump线程,设置事物隔离级别为REPEATABLE READ,开启一致性读事物.

1588316Query   SET SESSION TRANSACTION ISOLATIONLEVEL REPEATABLE READ

1588316Query   START TRANSACTION /*!40108 WITHCONSISTENT SNAPSHOT */

Master线程,释放锁.

1588315Query   UNLOCK TABLES /* trx-only */

Dump线程,备份数据表.

此方式,从加锁到释放锁,时间最短,效率最高.

经上面的分析,可得到加锁过程影响大小顺序如下:

--lock-all-tables>不加该组选项 = --use-savepoints >--less-locking > --trx-consistency-only > --no-locks

Performance Options组

该组指定了线程数量,和如何处理长查询.

-t,--threads          Number of threads touse, default 4

-l,--long-query-guard  Set long query timerin seconds, default 60

-K,--kill-long-queries   Kill long runningqueries (instead of aborting)

参数了解完了,看两个实际工作中例子.

1.备份除数据库mysql之外的其它数据库.

mysql@db01:~/dbbackup$ mydumper --outputdir=20170826 --compress --build-empty-files--regex '^(?!(mysql))' --triggers --events --routines --logfile=error.txt--use-savepoints --trx-consistency-only --threads=4 --verbose=3

2.备份全部数据库.

mysql@db01:~/dbbackup$ mydumper --outputdir=20170826 --compress --build-empty-files--triggers --events --routines --long-query-guard=60 --kill-long-queries--logfile=error.txt --use-savepoints --trx-consistency-only --threads=4--verbose=3

经过选项分析和实践过程,总结下mydumper的特点:

1.多线程备份,可指定线程数量,其也是速度优于mysqldump的关键.

2.对于备份数据一致性方面考虑较多,主要体现在非事物数据表的备份上.

3.分析选项时,没有指定字符集的,查看general log后,发现是这样处理的/*!40101 SET NAMES binary*/,即省去了转换字符集的开销.

4.提供了如何应对长查询的选项.

myloader并没有太多需要说明的,看下选项解释,实践下即可.

mydumper在备份时,效率有了很大提升,但其终究还是将数据转化为SQL语句,即常说的逻辑备份.

看了以上关于MySQL数据库备份常用工具之MySQL Data Dumper简析，希望能给大家在实际运用中带来一定的帮助。本文由于篇幅有限，难免会有不足和需要补充的地方，如有需要更加专业的解答，可在官网联系我们的24小时售前售后，随时帮您解答问题的。