linux下https的实现

部署HTTPS
本章网络规划构建私有证书颁发机构（CA）的主机是ca.example.com，其IP地址及子网掩码前缀长度是192.168.1.40/24，网关地址是192.168.1.1，DNS1地址是192.168.1.10。
web服务器主机是rhel7.example.com，IP是192.168.1.20/24，DNS1地址是192.168.1.10

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安装Openssl

/usr/bin/openssl：CA服务器的主程序。

/etc/pki/tls/openssl.cnf：openssl的配置文件

/etc/pki/CA：CA服务器的主目录。

[root@ca ~]# yum -y install openssl

[root@ca ~]# vim /etc/pki/tls/openssl.cnf
# OpenSSL example configuration file.
# This is mostly being used for generation of certificate requests.
#
#省略部分输出
####################################################################
[ ca ]
default_ca      = CA_default            # The default ca section

####################################################################
[ CA_default ]

dir             = /etc/pki/CA           # Where everything is kept      
certs           = $dir/certs            # Where the issued certs are kept
crl_dir         = $dir/crl              # Where the issued crl are kept
database        = $dir/index.txt        # database index file.
#unique_subject = no                    # Set to 'no' to allow creation of
                                        # several ctificates with same subject.
new_certs_dir   = $dir/newcerts         # default place for new certs.

certificate     = $dir/cacert.pem       # The CA certificate
serial          = $dir/serial           # The current serial number
crlnumber       = $dir/crlnumber        # the current crl number
                                        # must be commented out to leave a V1 CRL
crl             = $dir/crl.pem          # The current CRL
private_key     = $dir/private/cakey.pem# The private key
RANDFILE        = $dir/private/.rand    # private random number file

#省略部分输出

其中，/etc/pki/CA为CA机构的主目录，dir表示定义的变量，$dir的值为/etc/pki/CA,如配置文件中定义CA几个后的私钥存放路径为$dir/private/cakey.pem，即真正路径为/etc/pki/CA/private/cakey.pem

构建私有CA

为CA机构生成自签名证书，并为CA提供所需要的目录及文件。
使用的关键命令是”openssl“，其重要选项如下：
-new : 生成新证书的签署请求
-x509 ：生成自签名证书格式，专用于创建私有CA时
-key：生成请求时用到的私钥文件路径
-out：生成后的文件存放路径，如果是自签名操作，将直接生成签署过的证书
-days： 证书的有效期，单位为天，默认为365天
①生成私钥

[root@ca ~]# (umask 077;openssl genrsa -out /etc/pki/CA/private/cakey.pem)
Generating RSA private key, 1024 bit long modulus
.....++++++
.......++++++
e is 65537 (0x10001)
[root@ca ~]# cd /etc/pki/CA/private/
[root@ca private]# pwd
/etc/pki/CA/private
[root@ca private]# cat cakey.pem
-----BEGIN RSA PRIVATE KEY-----
MIICXAIBAAKBgQCstgIk2ZXLcwNDDNJYczZBCBaneWre2M+BwuJsN3IqIEQxGz3F
RoDudbSnrxgqQnJKrOyIqGwUgg3JKd+ni3t2e5uM4I2Loo/TWNf5JX9mkBtBEu6m
8iQvDBLZn/sehCG+BNxCDPu88KoOvy91tqjTCb2Uhn+5BT9E/SnQaHx/mQIDAQAB
AoGATEbWC5BNJ91Tw3kWLRo1C+OWncByApmei6CWf1S9hv1ZIJb3YPkSWD6D2srp
0UAnWfOlQ3Wexi/qBr4HmOdxTthN16AHmEF7yUIBL2VDharmBvqz26ZFLRJV0iGn
cXmr7JjmdQGYEz9C8cSt/dpQ/fsadq+oO6WI3MJqgFo3IQECQQDkMPAyDbmgOay3
FiqsCC06/FWnLD8vO0DDYAF4pLr4heZP6ZvfQb+h4O9s52ZGk9VC+DUTUWcFlGUJ
ii+4AIMVAkEAwcI10b5L6hoNvqzZmNstmcsgV0kSMmqHVh4ucmWlDohmT5iqEd+7
J9R41S9F2PRem2SPne2MUo4ghisi+4/7dQJAEQMtBS5MxotGOygl6kl5xcoGQL5l
v4m1XFuOAIaXgevJre+GtXBbbx/focjmsSBYZ/PFUTliauITXlC1Ggy/uQJAKSUx
wpmTi2H++ze/eYtJsrgE5SQ6PgSLOsleYmKdW2mxuENmEiedmcav5i2Eup6iHION
T+8q9jkCRRuR8TPRJQJBALal4fRE+m0Bl+AD/Oq2Tt6pdPqY8qe/aWBvjcHeXaQK
f9HHMKDxby0TzpIx/FlVML9cAYbIpMcIAAoof24iKEU=
-----END RSA PRIVATE KEY-----
[root@ca private]#

②生成自签名证书

[root@ca private]# openssl req -new -x509 -key /etc/pki/CA/private/cakey.pem -out /etc/pki/CA/cacert.pem -days 365
You are about to be asked to enter information that will be incorporated
into your certificate request.
What you are about to enter is what is called a Distinguished Name or a DN.
There are quite a few fields but you can leave some blank
For some fields there will be a default value,
If you enter '.', the field will be left blank.
-----
Country Name (2 letter code) [XX]:CN
State or Province Name (full name) []:HN
Locality Name (eg, city) [Default City]:ZZ
Organization Name (eg, company) [Default Company Ltd]:GL
Organizational Unit Name (eg, section) []:xitong
Common Name (eg, your name or your server's hostname) []:ca.example.com
Email Address []:root@example.com

③为CA提供所需要的目录及文件

[root@ca private]# cd ../
[root@ca CA]# touch serial
[root@ca CA]# touch index.txt
[root@ca CA]# echo 01 > /etc/pki/CA/serial

在DNS服务器上添加关于ca.example.com的A记录
④为web站点请求web证书（需要在web服务器上操作）
本节为web服务器上的主站点rhel7.example.com申请web证书
生成私钥，并将私钥存放在/etc/httpd/ssl目录，此目录可以自定义

[root@rhel7 ~]# mkdir /etc/httpd/ssl
[root@rhel7 ~]# cd /etc/httpd/ssl/
[root@rhel7 ssl]# (umask 077;openssl genrsa -out httpd.key)
Generating RSA private key, 1024 bit long modulus
............++++++
...................................++++++
e is 65537 (0x10001)

⑤为rhel7.example.com站点生成签署请求文件

[root@rhel7 ~]# openssl req -new -key /etc/httpd/ssl/httpd.key -out /etc/httpd/ssl/httpd.csr -days 365
You are about to be asked to enter information that will be incorporated
into your certificate request.
What you are about to enter is what is called a Distinguished Name or a DN.
There are quite a few fields but you can leave some blank
For some fields there will be a default value,
If you enter '.', the field will be left blank.
-----
Country Name (2 letter code) [XX]:CN
State or Province Name (full name) []:HN
Locality Name (eg, city) [Default City]:ZZ
Organization Name (eg, company) [Default Company Ltd]:GL
Organizational Unit Name (eg, section) []:xitong
Common Name (eg, your name or your server's hostname) []:rhel7.example.com
Email Address []:root@example.com

Please enter the following 'extra' attributes
to be sent with your certificate request
A challenge password []:
An optional company name []:

⑥将签署请求文件通过可靠的方式发送给CA服务器

[root@rhel7 ~]# scp /etc/httpd/ssl/httpd.csr root@ca.example.com:/etc/pki/CA/
The authenticity of host 'ca.example.com (172.16.30.40)' can't be established.
ECDSA key fingerprint is 4e:38:22:c7:5d:1a:ed:1c:ab:54:4f:7e:b2:84:6b:b5.
Are you sure you want to continue connecting (yes/no)? yes
Warning: Permanently added 'ca.example.com,172.16.30.40' (ECDSA) to the list of known hosts.
root@ca.example.com's password:
httpd.csr                                                                                100%  688     0.7KB/s   00:00

⑦在CA服务器主机上对签署请求进行数字签名，并指明所生成的web证书的存放路径

[root@ca ~]# openssl ca -in /etc/pki/CA/httpd.csr -out /etc/pki/CA/certs/httpd.crt -days 365
Using configuration from /etc/pki/tls/openssl.cnf
Check that the request matches the signature
Signature ok
Certificate Details:
        Serial Number: 1 (0x1)
        Validity
            Not Before: Oct  9 16:58:42 2019 GMT
            Not After : Oct  8 16:58:42 2020 GMT
        Subject:
            countryName               = CN
            stateOrProvinceName       = HN
            organizationName          = GL
            organizationalUnitName    = xitong
            commonName                = rhel7.example.com
            emailAddress              = root@example.com
        X509v3 extensions:
            X509v3 Basic Constraints:
                CA:FALSE
            Netscape Comment:
                OpenSSL Generated Certificate
            X509v3 Subject Key Identifier:
                B5:E9:B1:1E:D7:9F:3B:DC:97:D4:40:CE:7E:4A:2E:06:0D:15:08:5D
            X509v3 Authority Key Identifier:
                keyid:5F:68:24:75:05:1E:8C:C2:ED:34:CF:FF:B7:04:47:1A:83:E0:BC:F3

Certificate is to be certified until Oct  8 16:58:42 2020 GMT (365 days)
Sign the certificate? [y/n]:y

1 out of 1 certificate requests certified, commit? [y/n]y
Write out database with 1 new entries
Data Base Updated
[root@ca ~]#

⑧在web服务器主机上将CA服务器上已经数字签名后的web证书通过scp命令下载到/etc/httpd/ssl目录下

[root@rhel7 ~]# scp root@ca.example.com:/etc/pki/CA/certs/httpd.crt /etc/httpd/ssl/
root@ca.example.com's password:
httpd.crt                                                                                100% 3198     3.1KB/s   00:00    
[root@rhel7 ~]#
[root@rhel7 ~]# cd /etc/httpd/ssl/
[root@rhel7 ssl]# ls
httpd.crt  httpd.csr  httpd.key
[root@rhel7 ssl]# cat httpd.crt
Certificate:
    Data:
        Version: 3 (0x2)
        Serial Number: 1 (0x1)
    Signature Algorithm: sha256WithRSAEncryption
        Issuer: C=CN, ST=HN, L=ZZ, O=GL, OU=xitong, CN=ca.example.com/emailAddress=root@example.com
        Validity
            Not Before: Oct  9 16:58:42 2019 GMT
            Not After : Oct  8 16:58:42 2020 GMT
        Subject: C=CN, ST=HN, O=GL, OU=xitong, CN=rhel7.example.com/emailAddress=root@example.com
        Subject Public Key Info:
            Public Key Algorithm: rsaEncryption
                Public-Key: (1024 bit)
                Modulus:
                    00:d3:60:22:af:b5:4f:85:05:44:42:4f:ad:a2:71:
                    b7:a4:74:88:fb:76:c0:89:91:c8:f1:87:c6:a0:f6:
                    92:52:51:ff:3d:c8:fa:0e:3b:9f:68:77:6b:f9:77:
                    11:aa:96:d7:53:50:cb:40:72:54:3d:89:08:8e:51:
                    22:3c:b9:f3:a0:fb:3d:a4:09:58:22:80:2e:4b:4a:
                    b2:b7:7e:84:c6:29:0c:97:2e:d2:cf:d0:b1:93:53:
                    82:7d:e7:99:a9:79:ee:f5:c8:d8:9b:8f:6e:5e:2a:
                    61:47:56:c7:a0:dc:1f:7c:ad:75:6e:4e:bb:a9:33:
                    92:37:fd:01:d4:92:81:44:c9
                Exponent: 65537 (0x10001)
        X509v3 extensions:
            X509v3 Basic Constraints:
                CA:FALSE
            Netscape Comment:
                OpenSSL Generated Certificate
            X509v3 Subject Key Identifier:
                B5:E9:B1:1E:D7:9F:3B:DC:97:D4:40:CE:7E:4A:2E:06:0D:15:08:5D
            X509v3 Authority Key Identifier:
                keyid:5F:68:24:75:05:1E:8C:C2:ED:34:CF:FF:B7:04:47:1A:83:E0:BC:F3

    Signature Algorithm: sha256WithRSAEncryption
         03:a8:b2:ef:1a:3c:08:71:36:79:e8:0c:24:41:2a:dc:63:7b:
         12:36:62:75:04:e6:5a:85:5d:a4:99:9a:be:69:35:19:0e:26:
         fb:4e:b0:75:59:98:94:3f:03:7c:5e:97:ea:fe:eb:66:d9:9b:
         61:91:e2:9d:9d:b5:9e:a2:f1:c5:db:bd:da:25:65:f1:68:69:
         2d:13:b0:b4:1c:77:64:75:39:2a:ca:0e:91:89:4c:94:42:4d:
         aa:77:69:33:ce:7e:4d:3d:a0:a8:0d:e2:6a:b7:b5:33:e7:e9:
         d6:1b:ea:a5:92:5f:e9:cf:7e:7f:58:fe:cf:8b:1e:19:ac:17:
         cc:fc
-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----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-----END CERTIFICATE-----
[root@rhel7 ssl]#

⑨安装apache HTTP扩展模块mod_ssl，以支持TLS

[root@rhel7 ~]# yum -y install mod_ssl

安装完毕后，在/etc/httpd/conf.d目录下会生成配置文件ssl.conf,编辑配置文件ssl.conf。将rhel7.example.com站点部署成HTTPS

#
# When we also provide SSL we have to listen to the
# the HTTPS port in addition.
#
Listen 443 https
#省略部分输出
# General setup for the virtual host, inherited from global configuration
DocumentRoot "/var/www/html"
ServerName www.example.com:443

# Use separate log files for the SSL virtual host; note that LogLevel
# is not inherited from httpd.conf.
ErrorLog logs/ssl_error_log
TransferLog logs/ssl_access_log
LogLevel warn

#   SSL Engine Switch:
#   Enable/Disable SSL for this virtual host.
SSLEngine on
#省略部分输出
#   Server Certificate:
# Point SSLCertificateFile at a PEM encoded certificate.  If
# the certificate is encrypted, then you will be prompted for a
# pass phrase.  Note that a kill -HUP will prompt again.  A new
# certificate can be generated using the genkey(1) command.
SSLCertificateFile /etc/httpd/ssl/httpd.crt

#   Server Private Key:
#   If the key is not combined with the certificate, use this
#   directive to point at the key file.  Keep in mind that if
#   you've both a RSA and a DSA private key you can configure
#   both in parallel (to also allow the use of DSA ciphers, etc.)
SSLCertificateKeyFile /etc/httpd/ssl/httpd.key

#   Server Certificate Chain:
#省略部分输出

重启服务，设置防火墙

[root@rhel7 ~]# systemctl restart httpd
[root@rhel7 ~]# firewall-cmd --add-service=https --permanent
success
[root@rhel7 ~]# firewall-cmd --reload

访问测试：
https://rhel7.example.com