在ORACLE 中,我们常常推荐使用exists 来替代in,往往也能取得比较好的优化效果。在ORACLE应用迁往MySQL的过程中，我们发现部分in 的子查询语句带到MYSQL中，其执行效率变得非常低下，这很让人觉得匪夷所思。于是，我分析了一波。
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对两个表，分别是一大一小进行关联查询:
mysql> select count(*) from users;
+----------+
| count(*) |
+----------+
| 19 |
+----------+
1 row in set
mysql> select count(*) from orders;
+----------+
| count(*) |
+----------+
| 86310 |
+----------+
1 row in set
mysql>
开启profile，发现无论是子查询是大表还是小表 ，exists的语句总是比in执行慢：
mysql> show profiles;
+----------+------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Query_ID | Duration | Query |
+----------+------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| 1 | 1.08661625 | select count(1) from orders o where o.user_id in(select u.id from users u) |
| 2 | 1.56956275 | select count(1) from orders o where exists (select 1 from users u where u.id = o.user_id) |
| 3 | 0.81266425 | select count(1) from users u where u.id in(select o.user_id from orders o) |
| 4 | 8.4164905 | select count(1) from users u where exists (select 1 from orders o where u.id = o.user_id) |
+----------+------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
4 rows in set
而查看exists语句的profile内容，发现其存在多个executing 和sending data过程，这是整个sql执行的主要耗时过程：
mysql> show profile for query 2
;
+----------------------------+----------+
| Status | Duration |
+----------------------------+----------+
| executing | 2E-6 |
| Sending data | 1.2E-5 |
| executing | 2E-6 |
| Sending data | 1.2E-5 |
| executing | 2E-6 |
| Sending data | 1.2E-5 |
| executing | 2E-6 |
| Sending data | 1.5E-5 |
| executing | 2E-6 |
| Sending data | 1.2E-5 |
| executing | 2E-6 |
| Sending data | 1.2E-5 |
| executing | 2E-6 |
| Sending data | 1.2E-5 |
| executing | 2E-6 |
| Sending data | 1.2E-5 |
| executing | 2E-6 |
| Sending data | 1.2E-5 |
| executing | 2E-6 |
| Sending data | 1.2E-5 |
| executing | 2E-6 |
| Sending data | 1.2E-5 |
| executing | 2E-6 |
| Sending data | 1.2E-5 |
| executing | 2E-6 |
| Sending data | 1.2E-5 |
| executing | 2E-6 |
| Sending data | 1.2E-5 |
| executing | 2E-6 |
| Sending data | 1.2E-5 |
| executing | 2E-6 |
| Sending data | 1.2E-5 |
| executing | 2E-6 |
| Sending data | 1.2E-5 |
| executing | 2E-6 |
| Sending data | 1.2E-5 |
| executing | 2E-6 |
| Sending data | 1.2E-5 |
| executing | 1E-6 |
| Sending data | 1.3E-5 |
| executing | 2E-6 |
| Sending data | 1.2E-5 |
| executing | 2E-6 |
| Sending data | 1.2E-5 |
| executing | 2E-6 |
| Sending data | 1.2E-5 |
| executing | 2E-6 |
| Sending data | 1.7E-5 |
| executing | 2E-6 |
| Sending data | 1.2E-5 |
| executing | 2E-6 |
| Sending data | 1.2E-5 |
| executing | 2E-6 |
| Sending data | 1.2E-5 |
| executing | 2E-6 |
| Sending data | 1.2E-5 |
| executing | 2E-6 |
| Sending data | 1.2E-5 |
| executing | 2E-6 |
| Sending data | 1.2E-5 |
| executing | 2E-6 |
| Sending data | 1.2E-5 |
| executing | 2E-6 |
| Sending data | 1.2E-5 |
| executing | 2E-6 |
| Sending data | 1.1E-5 |
| executing | 2E-6 |
| Sending data | 1.2E-5 |
| executing | 1E-6 |
| Sending data | 1.2E-5 |
| executing | 2E-6 |
| Sending data | 1.2E-5 |
| executing | 2E-6 |
| Sending data | 1.2E-5 |
| executing | 2E-6 |
| Sending data | 1.2E-5 |
| executing | 2E-6 |
| Sending data | 1.2E-5 |
| executing | 2E-6 |
| Sending data | 1.2E-5 |
| executing | 2E-6 |
| Sending data | 1.2E-5 |
| executing | 2E-6 |
| Sending data | 1.1E-5 |
| executing | 2E-6 |
| Sending data | 1.2E-5 |
| executing | 2E-6 |
| Sending data | 1.2E-5 |
| executing | 2E-6 |
| Sending data | 1.2E-5 |
| executing | 2E-6 |
| Sending data | 1.2E-5 |
| executing | 2E-6 |
| Sending data | 1.5E-5 |
| end | 3E-6 |
| query end | 3E-6 |
| waiting for handler commit | 1E-5 |
| closing tables | 9E-6 |
| freeing items | 0.000152 |
| cleaning up | 1.7E-5 |
+----------------------------+----------+
100 rows in set
而在in 子查询中，sending data这个过程只有一次，这也是整个sql执行主要耗时地方：
mysql> show profile for query 1;
+--------------------------------+----------+
| Status | Duration |
+--------------------------------+----------+
| starting | 9.3E-5 |
| Executing hook on transaction | 6E-6 |
| starting | 8E-6 |
| checking permissions | 5E-6 |
| checking permissions | 4E-6 |
| Opening tables | 0.004849 |
| init | 1.8E-5 |
| System lock | 1.4E-5 |
| optimizing | 1.4E-5 |
| statistics | 3.1E-5 |
| preparing | 2.2E-5 |
| executing | 3E-6 |
| Sending data | 1.081273 | 《《《《《《《《《《《《《《《《《《《
| end | 1.3E-5 |
| query end | 3E-6 |
| waiting for handler commit | 1E-5 |
| closing tables | 5.2E-5 |
| freeing items | 0.000171 |
| cleaning up | 2.9E-5 |
+--------------------------------+----------+
关于sending data和executing 解析：
Sending data
The thread is reading and processing rows for a SELECT statement, and sending data to the client. Because operations occurring during this state tend to perform large amounts of disk access (reads), it is often the longest-running state over the lifetime of a given query.
说Sending data 是：线程正在为一个select语句读取和处理行，并且发送数据到客户端。因为这期间操作倾向于大量的磁盘访问（读取），所以这常是整个查询周期中运行时间最长的阶段。（这是MySQL 5.5的解释，5.7的解释完全一样，但是5.7多了一个Sending to client状态）
这样就清楚了，Sending data 做了 读取，处理（过滤，排序等。。）和发送 三件事情，接下来再看该状态下的cpu 和 io 信息 以分析语句的瓶颈是 读取还是处理 ，再做相应的优化调整。。
executing
The thread has begun executing a statement.
在exists语句中不断地executing和Sending data 应该是在不断地扫描抓取数据进行匹配，那这应该与MYSQL 的算法有关，通过trace查看其实是在多次子查询 join_execution：
{
"subselect_execution": {
"select#": 2,
"steps": [
{
"join_execution": {
"select#": 2,
"steps": [
] /* steps */
} /* join_execution */
}
] /* steps */
} /* subselect_execution */
},
想知道这是鸡肋吗，不知有没有相关的解析？
分享文章：MYSQL中exists语句执行效率变低
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