V语言和go语言,go语言百度百科

如何看待go语言泛型的最新设计？

Go 由于不支持泛型而臭名昭著，但最近，泛型已接近成为现实。Go 团队实施了一个看起来比较稳定的设计草案，并且正以源到源翻译器原型的形式获得关注。本文讲述的是泛型的最新设计，以及如何自己尝试泛型。

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例子

FIFO Stack

假设你要创建一个先进先出堆栈。没有泛型，你可能会这样实现：

type Stack []interface{}func (s Stack) Peek() interface{} {

return s[len(s)-1]

}

func (s *Stack) Pop() {

*s = (*s)[:

len(*s)-1]

}

func (s *Stack) Push(value interface{}) {

*s = 

append(*s, value)

}

但是，这里存在一个问题：每当你 Peek 项时，都必须使用类型断言将其从 interface{} 转换为你需要的类型。如果你的堆栈是 *MyObject 的堆栈，则意味着很多 s.Peek().(*MyObject)这样的代码。这不仅让人眼花缭乱，而且还可能引发错误。比如忘记 * 怎么办？或者如果您输入错误的类型怎么办？s.Push(MyObject{})` 可以顺利编译，而且你可能不会发现到自己的错误，直到它影响到你的整个服务为止。

通常，使用 interface{} 是相对危险的。使用更多受限制的类型总是更安全，因为可以在编译时而不是运行时发现问题。

泛型通过允许类型具有类型参数来解决此问题：

type Stack(type T) []Tfunc (s Stack(T)) Peek() T {

return s[len(s)-1]

}

func (s *Stack(T)) Pop() {

*s = (*s)[:

len(*s)-1]

}

func (s *Stack(T)) Push(value T) {

*s = 

append(*s, value)

}

这会向 Stack 添加一个类型参数，从而完全不需要 interface{}。现在，当你使用 Peek() 时，返回的值已经是原始类型，并且没有机会返回错误的值类型。这种方式更安全，更容易使用。（译注：就是看起来更丑陋，^-^）

此外，泛型代码通常更易于编译器优化，从而获得更好的性能（以二进制大小为代价）。如果我们对上面的非泛型代码和泛型代码进行基准测试，我们可以看到区别：

type MyObject struct {

X 

int

}

var sink MyObjectfunc BenchmarkGo1(b *testing.B) {

for i := 0; i  b.N; i++ {

var s Stack

s.Push(MyObject{})

s.Push(MyObject{})

s.Pop()

sink = s.Peek().(MyObject)

}

}

func BenchmarkGo2(b *testing.B) {

for i := 0; i  b.N; i++ {

var s Stack(MyObject)

s.Push(MyObject{})

s.Push(MyObject{})

s.Pop()

sink = s.Peek()

}

}

结果：

BenchmarkGo1BenchmarkGo1-16     12837528         87.0 ns/op       48 B/op        2 allocs/opBenchmarkGo2BenchmarkGo2-16     28406479         41.9 ns/op       24 B/op        2 allocs/op

在这种情况下，我们分配更少的内存，同时泛型的速度是非泛型的两倍。

合约（Contracts）

上面的堆栈示例适用于任何类型。但是，在许多情况下，你需要编写仅适用于具有某些特征的类型的代码。例如，你可能希望堆栈要求类型实现 String() 函数

java语言基础与go语言基础，变量和赋值的区别

Go语言里面定义变量有多种方式。

使用var关键字是Go最基本的定义变量方式，与C语言不同的是Go把变量类型放在变量名后面：

//定义一个名称为“variableName”，类型为"type"的变量

var variableName type

定义多个变量

//定义三个类型都是“type”的变量

var vname1, vname2, vname3 type

定义变量并初始化值

//初始化“variableName”的变量为“value”值，类型是“type”

var variableName type = value

易语言好用还是C语言好用，或者是V语言好用呢

C++用途广泛些。开始学是有点难，入门就好了。我从开始学到能看懂一般C++用了一个来月，或许你比我聪明用的更少。最后想说的就是要坚持，希望你成功。

go是什么意思 go的几种解释

1、Go（又称 Golang）是 Google 的 Robert Griesemer，Rob Pike 及 Ken Thompson 开发的一种静态强类型、编译型语言。Go 语言语法与 C 相近，但功能上有：内存安全，GC（垃圾回收），结构形态及 CSP-style 并发计算。

2、go：v.去;走;(尤指与某人)去(某处或出席某项活动);移动，旅行，行走(指方式或距离)。n.(游戏或活动中)轮到的机会;(做某事的)尝试，一番努力;精力;活力;热情;干劲。

如何配置go语言集成开发环境 vim

1、编译vimgdb

下载vimgdb73和vim73

mkdir -p ./tmp

cd tmp

tar zxvf ../vim-7.3.tar.gz

unzip ../vimgdb-for-vim7.3-master.zip

mv vimgdb-for-vim7.3-master vimgdb-for-vim7.3

patch -p0 vimgdb-for-vim7.3/vim73.patch

cd vim73

安装依赖

sudo apt-get install build-essential

sudo apt-get build-dep vim-gtk

sudo apt-get install libncurses5-dev

安装

// 这里直接执行make的操作

make

sudo make install

安装vimgdb runtime

cd ../vimgdb-for-vim7.3

cp vimgdb_runtime ~/.vim/bundle

打开vim

:helptags ~/.vim/bundle/vimgdb_runtime/doc " 生成doc文件

添加配置.vimrc

" vimgdb插件

run macros/gdb_mappings.vim

在vim中执行gdb时，报 “Unable to read from GDB pseudo tty” 的错误，因为没有安装 gdb ,所以安装gdb

sudo apt-get install gdb

2、安装vundle

set up vundle

$ git clone ~/.vim/bundle/vundle

Configure Plugins

在.vimrc文件的开头添加下面的内容，有些不是必须的，可以注掉

set nocompatible " be iMproved, required

filetype off " required

" set the runtime path to include Vundle and initialize

set rtp+=~/.vim/bundle/vundle/

call vundle#rc()

" alternatively, pass a path where Vundle should install plugins

"let path = '~/some/path/here'

"call vundle#rc(path)

" let Vundle manage Vundle, required

Plugin 'gmarik/vundle'

" The following are examples of different formats supported.

" Keep Plugin commands between here and filetype plugin indent on.

" scripts on GitHub repos

Plugin 'tpope/vim-fugitive'

Plugin 'Lokaltog/vim-easymotion'

Plugin 'tpope/vim-rails.git'

" The sparkup vim script is in a subdirectory of this repo called vim.

" Pass the path to set the runtimepath properly.

Plugin 'rstacruz/sparkup', {'rtp': 'vim/'}

" scripts from

Plugin 'L9'

Plugin 'FuzzyFinder'

" scripts not on GitHub

Plugin 'git://git.wincent.com/command-t.git'

" git repos on your local machine (i.e. when working on your own plugin)

Plugin ''

" ...

filetype plugin indent on " required

" To ignore plugin indent changes, instead use:

"filetype plugin on

"

" Brief help

" : PluginList - list configured plugins

" : PluginInstall(!) - install (update) plugins

" : PluginSearch(!) foo - search (or refresh cache first) for foo

" : PluginClean(!) - confirm (or auto-approve) removal of unused plugins

"

" see :h vundle for more details or wiki for FAQ

" NOTE: comments after Plugin commands are not allowed.

" Put your stuff after this line

Install Plugins

Launch vim and run

: PluginInstall

vim +PluginInstall +qall

3、官方vim-lang插件

Config vim file .vimrc,Add content bellow in bottom of the file

" 官方的插件

" Some Linux distributions set filetype in /etc/vimrc.

" Clear filetype flags before changing runtimepath to force Vim to

" reload them.

filetype off

filetype plugin indent off

set runtimepath+=$GOROOT/misc/vim

filetype plugin indent on

syntax on

autocmd FileType go autocmd BufWritePre Fmt

4、代码补全的插件gocode

配置go的环境变量，比如我的配置,GOPATH变量是必须要配置的，PATH中必须把GOPATH的bin也添加进去，否则没有自动提示，会提示找不到模式

export GOROOT=/usr/local/go

export GOPATH=/data/app/gopath

export PATH=$PATH:$GOROOT/bin:$GOPATH/bin

Set up gocode

Then you need to get the appropriate version of the gocode, for 6g/8g/5g compiler you can do this:

go get -u github.com/nsf/gocode (-u flag for "update")

Configure vim in .vimrc file

Plugin 'nsf/gocode', {'rtp': 'vim/'}

Install Plugins

Launch vim and run

: PluginInstall

vim +PluginInstall +qall

写一个helloword程序，输入fmt后按C-xC-o如果能看到函数的声明展示出来，说明安装是正确的。

4、代码跳转提示godef

Set up godef

go get -v code.google.com/p/rog-go/exp/cmd/godef

go install -v code.google.com/p/rog-go/exp/cmd/godef

git clone ~/.vim/bundle/vim-godef

Configure vim in .vimrc file

Bundle 'dgryski/vim-godef'

Install Plugins

Launch vim and run

: PluginInstall

vim +PluginInstall +qall

5、代码结构提示gotags

Set up gotags

go get -u github.com/jstemmer/gotags

Put the following configuration in your vimrc:

Bundle 'majutsushi/tagbar'

nmap :TagbarToggle

let g:tagbar_type_go = {

\ 'ctagstype' : 'go',

\ 'kinds' : [

\ 'p:package',

\ 'i:imports:1',

\ 'c:constants',

\ 'v:variables',

\ 't:types',

\ 'n:interfaces',

\ 'w:fields',

\ 'e:embedded',

\ 'm:methods',

\ 'r:constructor',

\ 'f:functions'

\ ],

\ 'sro' : '.',

\ 'kind2scope' : {

\ 't' : 'ctype',

\ 'n' : 'ntype'

\ },

\ 'scope2kind' : {

\ 'ctype' : 't',

\ 'ntype' : 'n'

\ },

\ 'ctagsbin' : 'gotags',

\ 'ctagsargs' : '-sort -silent'

\ }

命令模式下按在右边就会显示当前文件下的函数名，结构体名等等，光标放到相应的tag上，按回车可以快速跳到程序中的相应位置。

再次按会关闭tag窗口。

PS:本地的.vimrc的配置

" 插件管理器 vundle

set nocompatible " be iMproved, required

filetype off " required

" set the runtime path to include Vundle and initialize

set rtp+=~/.vim/bundle/vundle/

call vundle#rc()

" alternatively, pass a path where Vundle should install plugins

"let path = '~/some/path/here'

"call vundle#rc(path)

" let Vundle manage Vundle, required

Plugin 'gmarik/vundle'

" The following are examples of different formats supported.

" Keep Plugin commands between here and filetype plugin indent on.

" scripts on GitHub repos

" Plugin 'tpope/vim-fugitive'

" Plugin 'Lokaltog/vim-easymotion'

" Plugin 'tpope/vim-rails.git'

" The sparkup vim script is in a subdirectory of this repo called vim.

" Pass the path to set the runtimepath properly.

" Plugin 'rstacruz/sparkup', {'rtp': 'vim/'}

" scripts from

" Plugin 'L9'

" Plugin 'FuzzyFinder'

" scripts not on GitHub

" Plugin 'git://git.wincent.com/command-t.git'

" git repos on your local machine (i.e. when working on your own plugin)

" Plugin ''

" ...

"

filetype plugin indent on " required

" To ignore plugin indent changes, instead use:

" filetype plugin on

"

" Brief help

" : PluginList - list configured plugins

" : PluginInstall(!) - install (update) plugins

" : PluginSearch(!) foo - search (or refresh cache first) for foo

" : PluginClean(!) - confirm (or auto-approve) removal of unused plugins

"

" see :h vundle for more details or wiki for FAQ

" NOTE: comments after Plugin commands are not allowed.

" Put your stuff after this line

syntax on

" ********************************************************************

" 这里省略了其它不相关的插件

" vimgdb插件

run macros/gdb_mappings.vim

" 官方的插件

" Some Linux distributions set filetype in /etc/vimrc.

" Clear filetype flags before changing runtimepath to force Vim to

" reload them.

filetype off

filetype plugin indent off

set runtimepath+=$GOROOT/misc/vim

filetype plugin indent on

syntax on

autocmd FileType go autocmd BufWritePre buffer Fmt

" 代码补全的插件

Bundle 'Blackrush/vim-gocode'

" 代码跳转提示

Bundle 'dgryski/vim-godef'

" 代码结构提示

Bundle 'majutsushi/tagbar'

nmap F8 :TagbarToggleCR

let g:tagbar_type_go = {

\ 'ctagstype' : 'go',

\ 'kinds' : [

\ 'p:package',

\ 'i:imports:1',

\ 'c:constants',

\ 'v:variables',

\ 't:types',

\ 'n:interfaces',

\ 'w:fields',

\ 'e:embedded',

\ 'm:methods',

\ 'r:constructor',

\ 'f:functions'

\ ],

\ 'sro' : '.',

\ 'kind2scope' : {

\ 't' : 'ctype',

\ 'n' : 'ntype'

\ },

\ 'scope2kind' : {

\ 'ctype' : 't',

\ 'ntype' : 'n'

\ },

\ 'ctagsbin' : 'gotags',

\ 'ctagsargs' : '-sort -silent'

\ }

编程语言有多少种？

不下200种 可以在维基百科搜索List_of_programming_languages

百度贴不了wiki的地址，大概是垄断吧

A+BAT

A+

A++

A# .NET

A# (Axiom)

A-0

ABAP

ABC

ABC ALGOL

ABLE

ABSET

ABSYS

ACC

Accent

ActionScript

Ace DASL

ACT-III

Ada

APL

AWK

B

BACI

Baja

BASIC

bc

bcompile

BCPL

BeanShell

BETA

Bigwig

Big Snake

Bistro

BLISS

Blitz Basic

Block And List Manipulation (BALM)

Blue - Rejected prototype for Ada

Blue

Boo

Bourne shell - a.k.a sh

Bourne-Again shell - see Bash

Boxx

BPEL - Business Process Execution Language

Brainfuck

BUGSYS

BuildProfessional

BYOND

C

C--

C-script

C++ - ISO/IEC 14882

C# - ISO/IEC 23270

C shell (csh)

Caché ObjectScript - See also Caché Basic

Caml

Cat

Cayenne

C-BOT

Cecil

Cesil

Cg

Ch interpreter (C/C++ interpreter Ch)

Chapel

CHAIN

Charity

Chef

Chey

CHILL

CHIP-8

chomski

Chrome

ChucK

Cilk

CICS

CL

Clarion

Clean

Clipper

CLIST - Programming language for online applications in the MVS TSO environment

CLU

CMS-2

COBOL - ISO/IEC 1989

CobolScript

Cobra

CODE

ColdFusion

COMAL

Common Intermediate Language (CIL)

Common Lisp

Component Pascal

COMIT - List or string processing language

Concurrent Clean

Constraint Handling Rules

CORAL66

Corn

CorVision

COWSEL

CPL

CSP

Csound

Cue

Curl

Curry

Cyclone

D

Dao

DASL - Distributed Application Specification Language

DASL - Datapoint's Advanced Systems Language

DarkBASIC

DarkBASIC Professional

Dataflex

Datalog

dBASE

dc

Deesel (formerly G)

Delphi

Dialect

DinkC

DCL

Dialog Manager

DIBOL

DL/I

Dream Maker

Dylan

Dynace

E

Ease

EASY

Easy PL/I

EASYTRIEVE PLUS

eC (Ecere C)

ECMAScript

eDeveloper

Edinburgh IMP

Einstein

Eiffel

Elan

elastiC

Elf

Emacs Lisp

EGL Programming Language (EGL)

Epigram

Erlang

Escapade - server-side programming

Esterel

Euclid

Euphoria

Euler

EXEC

EXEC2

F

F#

Factor

Fan

Felix

Ferite

F#

FL

FLOW-MATIC

FOCAL

FOCUS

FOIL

FORMAC

Formula language

Forth

Fortran - ISO/IEC 1539

Fortress

FoxPro

FP

Frag Script

Franz Lisp

Frink

Frontier

F-Script

Gambas

G-code

General Algebraic Modeling System

Generic Java

Gibiane

G (LabVIEW)

Gödel

Godiva

GOTRAN (see IBM 1620)

GOTO++

GPSS

GraphTalk

GRASS

Green

Groovy

H - Business processing language from NCR.

HAL/S - Real-time aerospace programming language

HAScript

Haskell - An advanced functional programming language

HaXe - Open Source language which can compile to four different platforms, including PHP and Flash

HyperTalk

IBM Basic assembly language

IBM RPG

ICI

Icon

IDL

IMP

Inform

Information Processing Language (IPL)

Informix-4GL

Io

IPTSCRAE

Interactive System Productivity Facility

J

J#

J++

JADE

JAG

Jal

Janus

Java

JavaScript

Jim++

JCL

Join Java

JOSS

Joule

JOVIAL

Joy

JScript

JSP

J2EE

J2ME

K

KEE

Kiev

Korn Shell

KIF

Kite

Kogut

KRC

KRL

KRYPTON

L

LabVIEW

Lagoona

LANSA

Lasso

Lava

Leda

Lead

Leadwerks Script

Legoscript

Leopard

Lexico

Lfyre

Liberty BASIC

Limbo

Limnor

LINC

Lingo

Lisaac

Lisp - ISO/IEC 13816

Lite-C

Logo

LOLCODE

LPC

LSL

LSE

Lua

Lucid

Lush

Lustre

LYaPAS

LSL

M4

MAD

MADCAP

MAGIC - See eDeveloper

Magik

Magma

MapBasic

Maple

MAPPER (Unisys/Sperry) now part of BIS

M-A-R-E-K (Programming language)

MARK-IV (Sterling/Informatics) now VISION:BUILDER of CA

Mary

Mathematica

MATLAB

MATA

Maxima (see also Macsyma)

MaxScript internal language 3D Studio Max

Maya (MEL)

Multiprocessor C#

Mercury

Mesa

METAL

Michigan Algorithm Decoder see MAD programming language

Microcode

MicroScript

MillScript

MIMIC

Mindscript

Miranda

Miva

ML

Moby

MODCAP

Model 204 User Language

Modula

Modula-2

Modula-3

Mondrian

Mortran

Moto

MOUSE

MSIL - Deprecated name for Common Intermediate Language

MSL

MONO

MUMPS

Napier88

Natural

Nemerle

NESL

Net.Data

Neuralware

NewtonScript

NGL

Nial

NXT-G

Nice

Nickle

Nosica

NQC

Nu

o:XML

Oberon

Objective Modula-2

Object Lisp

ObjectLOGO

Object Pascal

Objective-C

Objective Caml

Obliq

Objectstar

ObjectView

Ocaml

occam

occam-π

Octave

OmniMark

Opal

Open programming language

OPS5

Organiser Programming Language (OPL) - cf. Psion Organiser

Oxygene

Oz

PARI/GP

Parser

Pascal - ISO 7185

Pawn

PBASIC

PCASTL

PEARL

Perl

Perl Data Language

PHP

Pico

Piet

Pike

PIKT

PILOT

Pizza

PL 11

PL/0

PL/8

PL/B

PL/C

PL/I - ISO 6160

PL/M

PL/P

PL/SQL

Plankalkül

PLD

PLEX

PLEXIL

Pliant

PNGlish

PPL

POP-11

Poplog

PORTRAN

PostScript

Ppc++

Processing

Prograph

Progress 4GL

Prolog

Turbo Prolog

Promela

Protheus

PRO-IV

Python

Q

Qi

QtScript

QuakeC

QPL

Quikcomp (for the Moonrobot XI)

R

R++ - Based on C++ and added semanteme description

Rascal

Ratfiv

Ratfor

RBScript

rc

REPL - Really Easy Programming Language

REBOL - Relative Expression Based Object Language

Red - Rejected prototype for Ada

Redcode

REDO

REFAL

Revolution

REXX

Rigal

Rlab

Robot Scripting Language (RSL)

RPG - Report Program Generator

RPL

RScript

Ruby

Russell Programming Language

REALBasic

S

S2

S-PLUS

S-Lang

SAIL

SAKO

SAM76

SAS

Sather

Scala

ScalPL

SCAR

SCATRAN

Scheme

Scilab

Script.NET

Sed

Seed7

Self

SETL

Shadow Programming Interface (Developing)

ShadowScript

Shift Script

SIGNAL

SiMPLE

SIMPOL

SIMSCRIPT

Simula

SISAL

Slate

SLIP

SMALL - SMALL Machine Algol Like Language

Small

Smalltalk

SNOBOL - String Oriented Symbolic Language

SPITBOL

Snowball

SPARK

Spice

SPIN

SP/k

SPL/1 - aka SPL/I

SPS (1620) - see IBM 1620

Squirrel

SR

SSL

Standard ML

StringLang

Subtext

SuperCollider

Suneido

SYMPL

SyncCharts

Synergy/DE

SystemVerilog

T

TACL

TACPOL

TagsMe

TADS

TIE

Transaction Application Language

Tcl

Transact-SQL

teco

TELCOMP

Telon

Tempo

thinBasic

Titanium

TI-Basic

Today

Tom

TOM

Topspeed - see Clarion

TorqueScript

tpu

Trac

Trine

TTCN

Turbo Pascal

Turing

TUTOR\

Tutorial D

TXL

Ubercode

Ultra 32

Unicon

Uniface

Unix shell

Unlambda

UnrealScript

Use

V

Vala

VDM++

VDM-SL

Verilog

VHDL

Visual Assembler

Visual Basic - Visual Beginners All-purpose Symbolic Instruction Code

Visual Basic .NET

Visual DataFlex

Visual DialogScript

Visual FoxPro

Visual J++

Visual Objects

VBScript

VX-REXX

Vvvv

Water

WATFOR - see WATFIV

WATFIV

WAXHTML

WebQL

Whitespace

Winbatch

WinDev

Windows PowerShell

X++

X10

Xbase++ 32Bit Windows language

XBL

xbScript - Also xBaseScript

xHarbour

XL

XOTcl

XPL

XPL0

XQuery

XSLT - See XPath

Y

YACC

YAFL

Yellow - Rejected prototype for Ada

Yorick

Y

Z++

Z notation - A program specification language, like UML.

Zonnon

ZOPL

ZPL